An octave pedal is an essential tool for any guitar player looking to expand their tonal capabilities and create unique effects. Octave pedals allow you to add a new layer of sound to your guitar’s already-rich soundscape, from subtle to extreme. Whether you are a beginner looking to experiment or a seasoned pro looking for the best options for your setup, this article will provide an overview of the best octave pedals currently on the market.
Octave pedals typically come in two types: polyphonic and monophonic. Polyphonic octave pedals allow you to play multiple notes at the same time while still sounding in tune. Monophonic octave pedals allow you to play only one note at a time, but they produce more individualized and distinct tones. When choosing an octave pedal, it is important to consider what type of sound you are looking for in your setup.
In this article, we will discuss the features of the top octave pedals and what each one has to offer. We will also provide our recommendations for the best octave pedals for different genres and styles of playing. Finally, we will discuss the pros and cons of each pedal, as well as suggestions for how to use it in your own setup
Electro-Harmonix Micro POG
- Polyphonic Octave Generator Pedal
- Octave Up, Sub Octave, and Dry control knobs
- Turns a 6-string guitar into a 12-string
- Compact design
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The Electro-Harmonix Micro POG pedal is a powerful effect pedal designed for guitarists and bassists. It offers a wide range of polyphonic octave effects, allowing players to create unique and creative sounds. The Micro POG offers up to 12-string guitar octave sounds, sub-octave and full octave up effects.
It also includes a detune function with a range of one or two octaves. The pedal is a true bypass, which means it won’t color your signal when it’s not in use. It’s also very easy to use and is perfect for live performance or recording. With its simple controls and wide range of sounds, the Electro-Harmonix Micro POG pedal is an excellent choice for musicians looking to expand their tonal palette.
Digitech DROP
- Polyphonic drop tune allows you to drop tune from 1 semi-tone to a full...
- Momentary or latching mode footswitch
- True Bypass
- 33 9 pitch modes
- Polyphonic Drop-tune Pitch Shifter
- Setting for 1 to 7 semitones of downward pitch shifting
- Extra modes for the octave downshifting with or without dry signal
- Hold/Tap switch for momentary or latching footswitch function
- True Bypass
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The Digitech DROP is a guitar pedal that allows you to tune your guitar to drop tunings with ease and accuracy. It features a special polyphonic tuning technology that allows you to switch between up to seven different drop tunings without having to retune your strings. With the DROP, you can also choose between twelve alternate and open tunings, and it also includes a true bypass switch and momentary or latching footswitch function. The DROP is a great tool for guitarists who need to quickly and accurately switch between different tunings.
The DROP is a durable and reliable pedal that is easy to use. It is constructed with a heavy-duty metal casing and features a non-slip rubber base to keep it from sliding around on the floor. The LED display is bright and easy to read, and the knobs are clearly labeled and easy to adjust. The DROP is a versatile pedal for guitarists using different tunings.
Boss OC-3
- package dimensions :6.35 cm L x 11.43 cm W x 15.24 cm H
- Product Type :INSTRUMENT PARTS AND ACCESSORIES
- country of origin :China
- package weight :2.0lbs
- “Super Octave” Polyphonic Octave Pedal
- Direct Level, Oct 1 Level, Range-Oct2-Drive, Poly control knobs
- Capable of producing notes one and two octaves down
- Built-in overdrive
- Bass input for adapting octave sound to bass guitars
- 2 x 1/4″ input, 2 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The Boss OC-3 Octave pedal is the perfect choice for guitarists who are looking to add a unique sound to their music. This pedal allows guitarists to create 2 extra notes above or below the original note, creating a fuller, richer sound. The pedal is easy to use and allows for a variety of tones, from a subtle octave up or down sound to intense and wild soundscapes.
The OC-3 also has a direct-out jack, allowing it to be connected directly to an amp or mixer. The pedal is also equipped with a drive control knob, allowing the player to adjust the intensity of the octave sound. With its versatile features, the OC-3 is a great choice for any guitarist looking to explore new sonic possibilities.
Rowin LEF-3806 Pure Octpus
- Precise polyphonic octave effects with no distorted sound
- 11 different octave modes
- Zinc Alloy metal shell
- Very small and exquisite
- Digital Octave Pedal
- Oct 1, Oct 2, and Dry control knobs
- 11 different octave modes
- Top, Both, Bottom setting switch
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The Rowin LEF-3806 Pure Octopus guitar pedal is a powerful and versatile octave pedal for guitarists. This pedal has different octave ranges, allowing you to choose between a low octave, and a high octave, along with 11 different octave modes. The pedal also features a separate dry control, allowing you to blend the octave sound with your original guitar sound.
The digital octave pedal also has a top, bottom, and both controls to fine-tune your sound. With an easy-to-use interface and lots of features, the Rowin LEF-3806 Pure Octopus guitar pedal is an essential tool for any guitarist looking to add an extra octave to their sound.
Electro-Harmonix Pitch Fork
- Polyphonic Octave Pedal
- Blend and Shift control knobs
- Octave up and down switch
- Buffered bypass
- Latch or momentary modes
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output, 1 x 1/4″ expression pedal port
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The Electro-Harmonix Pitch Fork guitar pedal is a great tool for any guitarist looking to explore the world of altered tunings. This robust and intuitive pedal allows the users to add up to three-octave ranges to their tone. It comes with an expression pedal port for real-time pitch shifting or glissando, which unlocks the full power of the pedal.
The Pitch Fork is simple to set up and use, even for those with minimal knowledge of tuning as it only has a pitch and a blend control knob. Additionally, the pedal has a built-in buffer to preserve signal when using long cable runs. With a rugged, road-ready design and true bypass switching, the Pitch Fork is ideal for gigging guitarists looking to add some octave ranges to their tones.
Digitech Whammy
- True Polyphonic Pitch Shifting and Whammy effects in a single pedal
- Drop or Raised tuning by 7 half steps or an entire octave
- Momentary footswitch for Hammer-on and Pull-off effects
- True Bypass
- Whammy Guitar Pedal
- Classic and Chords mode
- 10 Whammy-01, 9 Harmony, and 2 Detune Settings
- Single-note Whammy bends and chordal pitch shifting
- True bypass switch
- MIDI compatibility
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output, MIDI port
- 9V DC power adapter (included)
The Digitech Whammy 5th gen guitar pedal is a powerful and versatile stompbox pedal that can instantly transform your guitar sound. It features a variety of octave and pitch-shifting effects, allowing you to create unique and creative sounds. It comes with 11 whammy, 9 harmony, and 2 detune settings, giving you high versatility to create your sound. The pedal has a built-in expression pedal, a mode control knob, and a classic-chord mode switch. So, the control panel is quite straightforward and easy to use.
You can also use it to create unique vocal harmonies and synth-like sounds. The pedal is housed in a rugged, all-metal chassis that is designed to withstand the rigors of the road. With its wide range of sounds and effects, the Digitech Whammy 5th Gen is an essential tool for any guitarist looking to explore new sonic possibilities.
Koogo Harmonizer
- 3 Effects Knobs and 1 Switch are accurate and high sensitive.
- The Range of Detune Mode is: -25/-20/-15/-10/-5/0/+5/+10/+15/+20/+25 cents.
- Up: Outputs a precise polyphonic pitch shifting voice.
- Detune: It slightly shifts the pitch and mixes it back with the original...
- Digital Pedal Harmony Pitch Shifter Pedal
- Dry, Wet, and Range control knobs
- Up, Detune, and Down switch
- True bypass switch
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The Koogoo Harmonizer guitar pedal is a specialized effect pedal designed to craft intricate harmony and pitch-shifting effects. The pedal features two independent Harmonizer processors, allowing for two-voice harmonies and complex pitch-shifting effects with the dry, wet, and range controls. It also has up, detune, and down-switch to adjust your effect.
The pedal is perfect for creating lush, beautiful harmonies or dynamic pitch-shifting effects. The intuitive layout and easy-to-use controls make it a great choice for guitarists of any level. Whether you’re looking to add beauty and depth to your sound or to explore new sonic possibilities, the Koogoo Harmonizer is a great choice.
Earthquaker Devices Rainbow Machine
- Polyphonic Pitch-shifting Modulat Pedal with Secondary
- Tracking Controls
- Flexi Switch
- Primary
- Digital Pitch Shifting, Modulator pedal
- 100% analog signal path
- Primary, Pitch, Secondary, Magic, Tone, and Tracking control knobs
- True Bypass and Magic footswitches
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output, 1 x 1/4″ expression pedal port
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The Earthquaker Devices Rainbow Machine is a multi-dimensional guitar pedal that provides a wide range of sounds and effects. It features a digital pitch-shifting engine that allows the user to create lush, ambient textures with its 100% analog signal path. The Rainbow Machine also features a pitch-tracking mode that tracks the guitar’s pitch and creates a swirling, psychedelic soundscape.
The pedal also features Primary, Pitch, Secondary, Magic, Tone, and Tracking control knobs, allowing for dynamic modulation of the pitch-shifted signal. With its wide range of sound-sculpting options and effects, the Rainbow Machine is a great tool for creating unique and inspiring guitar tones. It is perfect for ambient soundscapes, experimental rock, and all other styles of creative guitar playing.
Digitech Mosaic
- Polyphonic pitch shifter pedal
- Level and Tone controls
- 12-string guitar effect
- True bypass switch
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The Digitech Mosaic guitar pedal is an amazing multi-effects pedal that is designed to add a wide range of sounds to your guitar playing. The pedal features a 12-string guitar effect, allowing you to have Polyphonic pitch shifting and intelligent doubling effects. It has level and tone control knobs to fine-tune your final tone.
It also features a true bypass switch to let your signal flow uncolored when the pedal is turned off. With the Digitech Mosaic, you can create unique and vibrant guitar sounds that will help to define your playing style. The unit is easy to use and set up, making it a great choice for any guitarist looking to add new dimensions to their sound.
Electro Harmonix Octavix
- Fuzz and Octave Pedal
- Volume, Boost, and Octave control knobs
- 9V – 24V operation switch
- Wide-ranging effects
- True bypass switch
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The Electro Harmonix Octavix guitar pedal is a great instrument for any guitarist looking to add some classic fuzz and octave sounds to their playing. This classic fuzz box offers all the same features as its vintage predecessors but with an updated modern design. The Octavix features a wide range of octave effects, from subtle octave-up to full-blown fuzz octaves, making it the perfect pedal for classic and modern guitar tones.
The pedal also features volume, boost, and octave controls, allowing you to mix your octave and fuzz sounds together, creating a unique sound that can be tailored to fit any style of playing. The Octavix also comes with a true bypass switch, so you can easily bypass the pedal when not in use, preserving your guitar’s original tone. The Electro Harmonix Octavix is an affordable and reliable pedal that is perfect for classic and modern guitar sounds.
Electro-Harmonix POG2
- Totally programmable 8-preset memory with instant recall
- four polyphonic mixable voices + your guitar
- Attack delay slider controls the fade-in speed of the octaves
- Low Pass filter with selectable Q
- Polyphonic Octave Generator
- Guitar and Bass compatible
- Totally programmable 8-preset memory
- Attack and Delay control knobs
- Lowpass filter with selectable Q
- 5 mixable polyphonic octave harmonics
- Attack delay slider controls
- Attack, LP, and Detune faders for the dry signal
- True bypass switch
- Preset and Bypass footswitches
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (included)
The Electro-Harmonix POG2 guitar pedal is a powerful tool for any guitarist looking to add some extra depth and complexity to their sound. It features eight adjustable parameters, including attack and delay controls, along with a lowpass filter with selectable Q and 5 mixable polyphonic octave harmonics that allow you to tailor the pedal’s sound to your specific needs.
The POG2 also features a high-quality polyphonic octave generator, allowing you to add up to four octaves of pitch-shifting to your sound. Additionally, you can use the onboard sub-octave generator to add a low-end thump to your playing or use the attack, LP, and detune faders for the dry signal. With its powerful features, the POG2 can take your guitar tones to new heights.
Earthquaker Devices Tentacle
- A classic analog octave up effect that features the very same octave from...
- Adds an excellent, swelling octave up to anything your heart desires
- Pair it with your favorite fuzz, put it in front of another octave up, or...
- It has no complicated controls; just hit the switch and go for it
- Analog Octave-up Stompbox Guitar pedal
- Basic analog octave-up stompbox effect
- Flexi-Switch
- No controls
- Sounds impressive when played above the 12th fret
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The Earthquaker Devices Tentacle is a guitar pedal designed to provide you with a range of classic and modern tones. It has an all-analog signal path without any controls, making it a highly straightforward pedal. The Tentacle also has a unique “octave up” effect that gives your guitar an extra octave of sound, which sounds impressive when played above the 12th fret.
With its simple yet effective design, the Tentacle is a great choice for any guitarist looking to expand their tonal palette. The Tentacle also has true bypass switching, meaning it won’t color your tone when it’s not in use. With its wide range of features, the Tentacle is a great choice for any musician looking to get creative with their sound.
TC Electronic Sub ‘N’ Up
- Octaver Pedal with Controls f Dry
- TonePrint Capabilities
- 3-way Mode Switch
- Sub 2
- Octaver pedal
- Dry, Up, Sub, Sub 2 control knobs
- 3-way mode switch for Poly, TonePrint, and Classic modes
- Access to hundreds of pre-programmed tones with TonePrint
- Ability to create your own tones
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The TC Electronic Sub ‘N’ Up guitar pedal is an easy-to-use tool that allows guitarists to add extra layers of harmony to their sound. It is designed to offer a wide range of options for creating various musical textures. With the Sub ‘N’ Up, you can add up to three extra notes below your original single note, allowing you to create a fuller sound. The pedal includes Dry, Up, Sub, and Sub 2 control knobs and a 3-way mode switch for Poly, TonePrint, and Classic modes, which give you quite a bit of flexibility when adjusting your sound.
To top it off, the pedal comes with TonePrint technology, allowing you to access signature tones from some of the world’s top guitarists. With its intuitive design, the TC Electronic Sub ‘N’ Up gives guitar players the power to create complex, layered sounds with ease.
MXR Poly Blue
- Modern + classic pitch shifting in a single pedal
- Four separate octave divisions, each with its own level control
- Toggle between polyphonic and monophonic pitch shifting
- Add in thick, unruly fuzz inspired by the MXR Blue Box Pedal
- Digital Octave Pedal
- One Octave Up/Down, Two Octave Up/Down, Fuzz, Modulation effects
- Dry, Sub 1, Sub 2, Mod, Oct 1, Oct 2 control knobs
- True Bypass footswitch
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output, 1 x 1/4″ expression pedal port
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The MXR Poly Blue Octave Pedal is a powerful, versatile guitar pedal for adding complex octave tones to your sound. With its two-octave range and effects such as One Octave Up/Down, Two Octave Up/Down, Fuzz, Modulation along with Dry, Sub 1, Sub 2, Mod, Oct 1, Oct 2 control knobs, the Poly Blue Octave Pedal is perfect for adding a unique growl to your solos or for a modern take on classic organ sounds. The pedal provides a wide range of tonal possibilities, from an ultra-smooth sub-octave to an aggressive upper octave.
The Poly Blue Octave Pedal can also be used to create harmonies, doubled notes, and more, making it ideal for both live and studio settings. With its intuitive design and wide range of tones, the Poly Blue Octave Pedal is sure to become a staple in any guitar player’s rig.
Walrus Audio Luminary V2
- A powerful polyphonic quad octave generator with features for creating...
- Dial in any combo of four separate octaves and craft many different complex...
- The Luminary has three onboard presets available for saving your go-to...
- Get epic steel sounds with the modulation control unengaged
- Quad Octave Generator Pedal
- -2, -1, +1, +2, Dry-Wet, Attack, Filter, and Flutter control knobs
- Preset and Bypass footswitches
- 3 x User Presets, 1 x Live Mode
- Smart Momentary Bypass
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output, 1 x 1/4″ expression pedal port
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The Walrus Audio Luminary Quad Octave Generator V2 guitar pedal is an essential tool for any guitarist or bassist looking to expand their sonic palette. This pedal allows you to get creative with your sound by giving you the ability to generate four independent octaves simultaneously. The pedal features two independent octave up settings, two independent octave down settings, and two independent sub-octave settings for even more low-end along with dry, wet, attack, filter, and flutter controls, which give you super control over your sound.
With its warm signal path and full-featured controls, the Luminary offers a wide range of sounds from subtle to extreme. The pedal also features a handy Smart Momentary Bypass switch that allows the device to be used as a normal guitar pedal when not in use. With its versatility, the Luminary is a great choice for any guitarist or bassist who wants to explore the world of octave-based tones.
T-Rex Quint Machine
- Three different, highly tunable tones to enhance your sound - octave up,...
- Adjust each tone individually and mix your effected sound with a clean...
- +1 Octave adds a note that is 1 octave higher and -1 Octave adds a note...
- +1 Fifth adds a note that is a fifth higher than the note you play
- Octave pedal
- Mix, Octave Up, Octave Down, and Fifth Up control knobs
- Separate volume controls for each pitch
- Perfect for 12-string guitar tones, organ sounds, and synth-style effects
- Buffered Bypass footswitch
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (not included) or 1 x 9V battery
The T-Rex Quint Machine is a guitar effects pedal that provides great tones like 12-string guitar tones, organ sounds, and synth-style effects. It comes with Mix, Octave Up, Octave Down, and Fifth Up control knobs along with Separate volume controls for each pitch.
The T-Rex Quint Machine is designed to fit any pedalboard, and its sturdy construction and intuitive controls make it easy to use. With its wide range of tonal options and its compact design, the T-Rex Quint Machine is a great choice for any guitarist looking to expand their sonic palette.
Mooer Pure Octave
- Precise polyphonic octave effects with no distorted sound
- 11 different octave modes
- Full metal shell
- Pedalboard friendly
- Analog octave pedal
- 11 different octave modes
- Sub, Dry, Upper control knobs
- Mode switcher
- True Bypass footswitch
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (not included) or 1 x 9V battery
The Mooer Pure Octave guitar pedal is a great all-in-one analog solution for guitarists looking to add a wide range of octave sounds to their playing. It features 11 different octave modes, sub, dry, and upper control knobs to create your tone.
The pedal has a compact and lightweight design and is easy to use, with intuitive controls that are easy to dial in on the fly. The unit is powered by a 9-volt power supply, making it easy to use at home or on the road. The Pure Octave also has true bypass switching so that it doesn’t color your tone when it’s not in use. Whether you’re looking to add some low-end thump to your riffs or some high-end sparkle to your solos, the Mooer Pure Octave is a great choice.
Eventide PitchFactor Harmonizer
- Up to 4 voices of diatonic pitch shifting and up to 1.5 seconds of stereo...
- Studio quality sound
- Guitar or bass compatible
- Built-in Tuner
- Digital delay, octave, and pitch-shifter pedal
- 10 Signature Mono/Stereo Pitch/Delay Effects
- Mix, Pitch Mix, Pitch A, Pitch B, Delay A, Delay B, Depth-Key, Speed-Scale, Xnob, Ynob control knobs
- Active, Flex, and Tab footswitches
- Diatonic, PitchFlex, Quadravox, Octaver, HarModulator, Chrystals, MicroPitch, HarPeggiator, H910 / H949, Synthonizer modes
- Built-in Tuner
- MIDI control via USB or MIDI in, out/thru
- Tap tempo and MIDI clock sync
- 100 factory presets, unlimited through MIDI
- True analog bypass
- 2 x 1/4″ input, 2 x 1/4″ output, 1 x 1/4″ expressioni and 1 x 1/4″ aux switch ports
- USB Type-B port
The Eventide PitchFactor Harmonizer Pedal is the perfect tool for any guitarist who wants to add a unique and creative edge to their sound. This powerful multi-effects processor combines classic and modern pitch-shifting and harmonizing effects as well as delay effects, allowing you to craft custom sounds with ease. With its intuitive design and easy-to-use controls, the PitchFactor is a great choice for guitarists of all skill levels. It also features an expression pedal port, tap tempo, and a built-in tuner for hands-free control of the effects, allowing you to create complex sounds on the fly.
The PitchFactor also gives you access to a wide range of classic pitch-shifting and harmonizing effects, from gentle chorus and vibrato to extreme pitch-shifting and pitch-freezing. With its wide range of effects, the PitchFactor is a great choice for anyone looking to add a unique and creative edge to their sound. If you like to mix delay effects with octave effects, this is the best pedal you can get.
JOYO JF-12 Voodoo Octave Fuzz
- Fuzz tones along with optional Octave switch. Normal or mid cut switch...
- Measures: 2 1/2" W x 4 1/2 " H x 1 1/2" D WT. 11.4 oz.
- Analog octave and fuzz pedal
- Thick snarling tones
- Fuzz, Tone, and Volume control knobs
- Normal-Mid Cut switch
- Octave Up and True Bypass footswitches
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The JOYO JF-12 Voodoo Octave Fuzz guitar pedal is an amazing pedal to add some fuzz and octave effects to your guitar sound. It delivers thick snarling fuzz tones and allows you to add the octave up effect to your tone. It has Fuzz, Tone, and Volume control knobs along with normal-mid cut switch as well as octave up and true bypass footswitches.
With its vintage-style design and solid construction, the JOYO JF-12 Voodoo Octave Fuzz pedal is a great choice for any guitarist looking to add some extra flavor to their sound.
Danelectro 3699 Fuzz / Octaver Pedal
- DANELECTRO 3699 FUZZ PEDAL
- Fuzz and Octaver Pedal
- Volume, Fuzz, and Tone Controls
- Octave Footswitch
- Mid-Boost toggle
- True Bypass
- 1 x 1/4″ input, 1 x 1/4″ output
- 9V DC power adapter (not included)
The Danelectro 3699 Fuzz / Octaver Pedal is a great pedal for guitar players looking to add a unique sound to their rig. It features a fuzz circuit that is designed to give you a smooth and creamy sound while the octave adds a unique octave-up effect to your playing. The pedal is easy to use and provides a wide range of tones, from classic fuzz to modern sounds. The fuzz is smooth and warm, and the octave sounds great with both single notes and chords. It is a great choice for those looking to add a unique sound to their rig.
The Danelectro 3699 Fuzz / Octaver Pedal is also highly durable and built to last. It features an aluminum chassis and is powered by a 9V power adapter. It also includes True Bypass circuitry, so you can be sure that your tone won’t be affected when the pedal is off. The pedal also includes a built-in LED indicator, so you can easily see when the pedal is on or off. All in all, the Danelectro 3699 Fuzz / Octaver Pedal is a great choice for guitar players looking to use fuzz and octave effects altogether.
Conclusion
In conclusion, octave pedals are some of the most versatile and popular pedals for guitar players. They allow you to create a wide variety of sounds, from subtle octave up-and-down tones to thick, fat synth sounds.
Each of these pedals on the list provides excellent sound quality, a wide range of features, and a reasonable price. If you’re looking to add an extra dimension to your sound, any one of these pedals will give you the results you’re looking for.
If you found this article useful, you may want to save this pin below to your Guitar board.
Last update on 2024-11-23 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API
Recent Posts
Starting to play the guitar can be as exciting as it is daunting, but one surefire way to keep the motivation going is by learning to play songs by artists you love. If you're a fan of Justin...
Playing the guitar can be a heartening journey, especially when you strum along to songs by charismatic artists like Dua Lipa. Her unique blend of pop, disco, and soul has churned out tracks that...